Byzantines



media type="googlemap" key="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&ll=37.0625,-95.677068&spn=23.875,57.630033&msid=103278903768448967662.000494812de2ebca9c2f5&output=embed" width="425" height="350"

1. Outline of Foundation of Byzantine and Achievements of Justinian



2. Justinian's Code Document 1 and 3 Mark-up

media type="custom" key="7453295"

media type="custom" key="7457445"

Summary of Document 3:

In the Byzantine Empire, there was an emphasis on conducting fair and honest trade between the merchants and their customers. Justinian created a law code that exemplified that idea. Within that law code, he stressed that both the seller and the buyer should agree on a certain price and specific obligations that each person should uphold, and penalties if they do not uphold those obligations. Rules were created to make sure that both the seller and the buyer got their money and product or products, respectively. Even if a deal was made, and somebody died, the deal was still expected to be upheld by their posterity. With this law code, Justinian wished for trade and marketing to be a fair, not corrupt, system between the individuals involved. The law code discourages any deceitfulness or lies when conducting a deal between the merchant and the purchaser, and if a deceitful exchange is conducted, then the person who invested would get back a refund on what he invested in.

Document 2:

Part of Law: Property Rights

Main Points: -People can become the legal owner of something he builds create, make. - People become thiefs if they steal from someone something that he did not make. - Absolute owner if own materials are used.

Document 1:

Part of Law: Civil Law and Marriage Laws.

Main Points: - Unwritten law can be made up and be official. - Contradiction between slaves and all men born are free. - Can't marry a family member.

Summary: Justinian's law code shows that the Byzantine Empire placed an emphasis on honor and fairness. It discouraged plagerism and credited the proper owners and creators who have rightfully created or made property that they have made with their own materials. Also, it discouraged incestual relationships between family members and justified both written and unwritten laws, including natural, nations, and civil laws. His code promoted equality to a certain extent; all men are born free, yet a slave is born a slave. The law code ensured that both merchants and purchasers would be safe when conducting business; that helped to promote the trade and business aspect of the Byzantine Empire.

media type="custom" key="7467933" width="384" height="384"

[]

3. Page 203-209 Questions + Pg. 208 Summary

1. Cyril and Methodius were Christian missionaries sent by the Byzantine government to territory that is now the Czech and Slovak Republics. They were able to speak the Slovak language, so that helped them in their cause for Christian converts. They also developed literacy by creating Cyrillic, the Slavic alphabet, derived from Greek letters.

2. There was a surge of Jews entering the East Central borderland because of the intolerance that they faced in both the Middle East and in Western Europe. The Jews faced resentment and intolerance from the Christians and the Muslims. They concentrated themselves mostly in Poland.

3. Kievan Rus was a monarchy ruled by a native of Denmark named Rurik, in the city of Kiev. It began when the Scandinavians wanted to set up governments along their trade route with the Byzantine empire, thus regulating trade easier. Kievan Rus eventually became a central trading center, and many Russians were able to go and trade with Constantinople. Prince Vladimir, Rurik's descendent, proclaimed himself, and all of the people of Kiev Christians. He forced his subjects to convert through military power, and imported Byzantium priests to train a local priesthood in Russia. A seperate Russian Orthodox was created as a result. As time progressed, Kievan Rus deteriorated and was for the most part, decentralized. Some achievements include lessening the severity of traditional punishments, implementing courts, and Yaroslav, the last of the princes, helped build many churches and translate religious literature from Greek to the Slavic language. Characteristics of Orthodox Christianity permeated Russian society; its emphasis on monogamy, devotion to saints and God, and prayer and charity made its way into Russia. Kievan Rus used Byzantine's law code to create a law code for all of Russia.

4. Vladimir I proclaimed himself a Christian, as well as all of the people of Russia. He forcibly converted every civilian to being Christians using military might and imported Byzantium priests to train a local Russian priesthood, and eventually created the Russian Orthodox.

5. Kievan Rus differed from Byzantine in that it did not have a bureaucracy or an elaborate education system. It also did not share the Byzantine ceremonials, the luxury of their society, or a central ruler. However, Byzantine's Christian customs penetrated into Russia's society; both shared: the belief in monogamy, the devotion towards God and saints, and the need of prayer and charity.

6. The decline of the Kievan Rus occured because of fights over who should become the next ruler. While this was happening, invaders from Asia were pressing into their territory and slowly conquered their land bit by bit. As the Byzantine Empire started to decline, so did Kievan Rus, in terms of their economy and trade, as they largely depended on their trade network. The Mongols were able to capture Russia's major cities as well and eventually came to control Russia.

Summary of "Eastern and Western Europe: The Problem of Boundaries":

Defining the borders of both Eastern and Western Europe is a difficult problem because of overlapping states in each others territories, as well as their cultural differences and political units. One possibility is to divide up the nations by their shared cultures; which territories were Catholic or Orthodox, or which used Latin or the Cyrillic and Greek languages. Another method to create a boundary between Eastern and Western Europe is to divide territories up according to their political structure, and another would be to divide them up according to their economies. However, this would bring up complications. Political structures and the economy could vary from territory to territory, and thus, a set boundary would not exist. Boundaries are never set in stone; they are always changing as one nation conquers or takes over another nation.

Summary of Chapter:

The Byzantine Empire was a prosperous empire that developed its culture, religion, and law. Trade, a major aspect, linked their society and Eastern European societies, providing new ideas and thoughts.