Early+Modern+Period



__Pg. 342 -347 Notes:__

- European countries gained oversea empires for the first time. - Russian, Ottoman, and Mughal Empires gained power. - America connected via international seaways, through Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. - Revival of empire building. Empires like Ottoman expanded their territories via conquering and new lands in Africa. - Europeans used compasses + better ships + gunpowder, all influenced by the Chinese and Arabs. Used to establish dominance. - Global trade developed; exchange of food, peoples, animals; and new empires grew. - New foods like corn and potatoes --> population increase. - Europeans introduced diseases (measles and smallpox) into America; population loss led to migration from Europe. - Slave trade in Africa --> Response to population decrease in America. - "Columbian Exchanges" named for exchanges between America and other nations. - Western Europe gained power; generally however, European empires gained an increase in power and wealth. - Influence of science + Japanese Confucianism. - No huge cultural, gender, technological, and political changes. - Religion spread rapidly; e.g. Christianity into Americas. - Europeans paid Chinese in silver; Chinese in turn required silver from its citizens. - Emphasis on working harder and longer.

__pg. 354__ 1. I would pick cultural as basic to social changes because there may be certain traditions and customs of a society that may limit or expand upon the rights of lower class, upper class, male, or female.

2. The professed motives of the Western explorers and colonists may have been on a national level; they may have wanted to improve the world power/standing of their nation, but their intended motives may have been just to gain power for themselves. They would not necessarily have known about their discrepancies about their intended motives and their professed motives, since gaining power for their nation will lead to recognition, and therefore, power, for them.

1. The World Economy

2. Western Europe

3. Russia

4. Early Latin America

5. Africa

6. Muslim Empires

7. Asian Transitions

2. Early Patterns of Colonization in the Americas and Africa


 * Region || Major Events || Major Developments || Major Continuities ||
 * Western Europe

- Enlightenment --> Using logic for government and laws. - Scientific Revolution --> Using scientific method to prove ideas. || - Use of logic and reasoning for development of ideas. - Opposition/disbelief in religious churches and authority. - Loss of power of church in political institutions; no longer considered to be central. || - Church trying to regain power/influence over political government. - Expansion of lands (over to the New World). - Developing their economy, via international trade. ||
 * MI: Religion began to become challenged as new scientific and reasoning became widespread. ** || - Renaissance --> Emphasis on art.
 * Central/South Americas

- Loss of lands, enslavement. - Exchange of products --> increased life expectancy for both Europeans and Native Americans. || - Adopted new cultures of the Europeans. - Many died by guns/gunpowder, or enslaved. Diseases like measles and smallpox. - Intermarriage common due to Europeans being primarily male, not female. || - Kept/retained their cultures even after capture/enslavement. - Agricultural products were value. - People generally viewed as inferiors from view points of Europeans; but had chance to improve. ||
 * MI: New diseases, gunpowder, and general violence introduced by the Spaniards and Europeans allowed them to conquer the tribes, but the tribes' own customs were still retained. ** || - Arrival of Spaniards, Portuguese and other Europeans.
 * North America

- Creation of plantations modeled after first ones in Brazil(Portuguese). - Enslavement of natives; exchange of ideas/products. || - Intermarriage between males and females. - Mix of different European and tribal cultures / beliefs, etc. - Spreading of Christianity into N. America. || - Cultures retained even after enslavement or capture. - Did not require importation of slaves due to good working conditions. Birth rate > death rate of slaves. - Multiple gods still existed in religion even w/ spread of Christianity. ||
 * MI: Plantations were create, and slaves were imported and were obtained from the natives. Intermarriage was still common, and birth rates were higher than death rates. ** || - Arrival of British, Dutch, and other Europeans.
 * Russia

- Peter the Great's Westernization - Time of Troubles --> Swedish and Polish attacks on Russia. || - Gained Poland, Partition of Poland, and territories in Europe(not west) and Asia, caused by Catherine and Peter the Great. - Development of European ideas and thoughts. - Population growth --> 36 million. || - Desire to expand to gain recognition. - Westernization; looking towards western Europe for ideas and thoughts. - Expansion to occur only in Europe/Asia, near homeland. - Feudalism. ||
 * MI: Russia's goals were to expand their own land for recognition, at the same time adopting the customs and traditions selectively from the societies they came in contact with, in particular, Western Europe. ** || - Partition of Poland
 * Middle East

- Warring Ottomans and Safavids due to Shias and Sunnis. - Tension between Muslims and Hindus. || - Shift towards militaristic states. - Increase in rights of women. - Architecture development; Taj Mahal for example. || - Emphasis on military values. - Spread of religion/religious wars. - Little focus on arts/architecture/sciences. ||
 * MI: Religious tension was evident in the Middle East, with conflicts occuring between the Shias and the Sunnis. There was an emphasis on warring states. ** || - Use of Janissary troops to conquer other regions.
 * India

- Prohibition of burning of high-caste women. || - Women's rights were advocated, then were "un"advocated. - Warrior class part of the aristocracy. || - Architecture and art focused primarily on. - Textiles popular in European market. ||
 * MI: There was religious tension between the Muslims and the Hindus, and generally, women's rights were supported, and the warrior class was highly valued as well. ** || - Tension between Muslims and Hindus.
 * China

- Retreat of the soldiers when Europeans came over. || - Politics became "cleaner" and less corrupt. - Expanded their territories. - Decline when public works, e.g. dams, dikes, started to break and such. || - Development of agriculture, population, commerce, and the arts. - Scholar-gentry class gained back power. ||
 * MI: China reworked their government exams so that government officials were less corrupt and more "clean." The scholar-gentry class regained their power. ** || - Revival of Scholar-gentry class + exam.
 * Japan

- Built the school of National Learning. || - People converted to Christianity, but became hostile. - Imposed isolation on themselves from the rest of the world. || - Opted to protect their lands from invading Europeans. - Encouraged learning and the science. ||
 * MI: The introduction of the Europeans and Christianity to the Japanese society met with positive reactions, but then turned negatively.**
 * As a result, the Japanese chose on their own choice to personally seclude themselves.** || - Introduction of Christianity.
 * Africa

- Great Trek; migration of Africans to the North. || - Developed a market for slaves in Triangular trade. - Power began to concentrate on the coasts rather than the interior. || - Enslavement of their own people. - Kingdoms tried to take over other kingdoms in hopes of slaves. ||
 * MI: The growing slave trade in Africa helped connect Africa to the global economy as a result of the popular demand of slaves from the Europeans, at a cost of enslaving even more of their people.** || - Arrival of the Europeans, creation of factories. Development of the Triangular trade.