Western+Europe



1. Worldology Notes media type="custom" key="7532857" 2. Magna Carta Mark-up

Summary: The Magna Carta placed an emphasis on justice and equality. It made clear the rules of inheritance, even including the property rights of women, trading during times of war, and the freedoms and liberties of both the people and the church that could not be taken away.

3. ESPIRIT on Western Europe

4. Notes on Decline of __Medieval Synthesis__ - Kings began to rely on ordinary paid archers rather than armored knights; Did not depend on nobility that much. - France emerged victorious from the Hundred Years' War, which lasted more than a hundred years. - The **Black Death**, combined with agriculture not being able to keep up with the increasing population levels, led to a major decline in population levels for Western Europe. - The Black Death heightened tensions between merchants and artisans, peasants and lords. - Manufacturing and Mining technology may have accelerated. - Aristocracy in a state of confusion; modern warfare such as cannons made their traditional fighting style obsolete. - Chivalry began to develop for the aristocrats, though it seemed a bit pointless. - Churches began to lose influence in religion; they focused too much on their political power that they neglected their religious aspect. - There was dispute between the mixing of rationalism and religion. Rationalists and artists began looking towards nature and humans rather than religion for their works. - The Middle Ages, though they encountered vulnerability and weakness, also had periods of prosperity in trade, population, cities, and intellectual works. - Western Europe imitated aspects of other societies to personally advance themselves.

5. ESPIRIT on Aztecs

Summary on Aztecs: The Aztecs were a group of people focused on military warfare, and as such their society revolved around that. From human sacrifices of their captives to please their deities, to instilling fear to over 20 million people, the Aztec society was both feared and valued for its military power.

6. ESPIRIT on Incas

Summary on Incas: The Incas were a self-sufficient group less focused on trade than the Aztecs. Like the Aztecs however, they too concentrated their attention to political and military affairs, and had a single ruler with his adviser that controlled the rule of the people.

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