Nationalism,+Industrialism,+Imperialism

1. 5 Ws of Treaty of Westphalia

Where: Germany and Spain. When: Year of 1648. Why: To formally end the Thirty Years War that broke out in 1618 between the German Protestants and allies such as Lutheran Sweden against the Holy Roman Empire, backed by Spain. //Resolved the religious conflicts surrounding the states' decisions to adopt a certain religion or not.// Who: German Protestants, Lutherans, Holy Roman Empire. //Fernando III, France.// What: It was a treaty between the Germany Protestants and the Holy Roman Empire that agreed to the territorial tolerance concept: the idea that states and cities could choose their own religion. It also finally settled a rebellion of the Protestant Netherlands against Spain, providing independence for the revolutionaries. //It ended the religious battles that were occuring in the Thirty Years Wars in Europe. Yielded sovereignty to European states. Gave right to control what happens within borders and define borders. Developed strong nation states and identities --> nationalism.//

2. Nationalism

Nationalism: The belief that the beliefs, culture, ideals, etc. of one's own country are held in high opinion compared to the same aspects of other nations. Pride in one's nations above all else.

Unification of Italy: Italy developed the process of **trasformismo**, in which parliamentary deputies were transformed to a single-minded pursuit of political office and support of the status quo. This was fueled by the concept of nationalism, especially the support of the status quo, which can be seen as the ideals or beliefs of the country. **Cavour** using the ideals of nationalism, enacted nationalistic rebellions that managed to unite Italy under Cavour's rule.

Unification of Germany: Prussia, through war, conquered territories of France, Austria, etc. Prussia, led by **Otto von Bismarck**, eventually became the supreme German powerhouse, and unified all of Germany. Unification was only possible through the public support; public support was gained through nationalistic successes through the numerous victories of Germany.

Zionism: Zionism was the belief that Jews should return back to a Middle Eastern holy land; it was nationalism that supported and fueled for this movement, as Jews were originally from a Middle Eastern land, but gradually relocated as time passed. Zionism was essentially a call back to the old traditional values and beliefs that they so valued dearly and highly of.

Monroe Doctrine: The Monroe Doctrine proclaimed that European colonization in the Americas would be forbidden; it claimed that the Americas now belonged to the United States alone for colonization and not any European states. Nationalism was pivotal in rallying public support from the Americans in order to make such a bold statement to the rest of the European nations. The idea of expanding their nation and gaining new riches were at the time entrenched within the American public.

Argentine Republic: The Argentine Republic was a brand new, unified nation born from rival governments who had compromised together on a single agreement. From there, the success of the Argentine Republic was fueled by nationalism; the desire to better and reform their country, especially in politics.

Balkan Nationalism: Balkan nationalism was the result of the Balkan nations engaging in war for territorial gains for several states; the amount of land they gained from these wars were never enough to satisfy them, so nationalism continued to fuel their desire for territorial gains. It was one of the major factors that led to World War I due to their attacks on specific countries.

3. Summary on Nationalism

Nationalism's global impact on the world was mainly based around territorial expansion and warfare to gain such land expansion for the nation developing these campaigns. These land campaigns to expand one's empire were fueled implicitly by the goals of nationalism, which was to promote one's country's beliefs and and values in another land, thereby spreading those beliefs and increasing one's pride in belonging to that specific culture. Governments often took advantage of this fact and used nationalism as a way to generate public support for wars intended for gaining new lands. By converting other nations' beliefs and values into the conquering nation's own beliefs and values, nationalism was also a way or excuse for nations to strategically unify themselves through one set of values and beliefs. Rebellions were uncommon if the people were unified under one cause; there wouldn't be any arguments or debates against how the government was functioning or the sets of beliefs and values of that particular nation. Nationalism was important especially in the age of imperialism for the reasons outline above. Nations were constantly fighting with each other for land in order to expand their territories since every territory was already colonized and possessed by another nation. Civilians would not be too content about going to war solely for the purpose of gaining more power and wealth for the nation if it meant risking their own lives on the battlefields. Nationalism generated, however, public support for these wars, often creating a cultural context for many nations that fighting for one nation's set of values and beliefs was deemed honorable and patriotic in some cases.

4. Data Sets

The iron production data set is probably the most important out of all three because not only is it a drastic increase between the time periods given, it also affects the other two categories as well depending on how well iron production goes. Stimulation of the economy can come from an increase in iron production, which can then be used to trade. Iron production can also be used to create tools and machinery that can be used to simplify work, thus leading to lower work deaths and stress and increasing population rate and life expectancy.

The three data sets, when combined, tells us that the Industrial Revolution had profound positive effects on both the lifestyle, economy, and overall wellbeing of a nation's health, which includes it's ability to generate money, it's ability to produce materials for creating and developing products, and it's ability to keep its civilians safe and able to enjoy more years living.

5. Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was a revolution in the improvement of production, transportation, and communications that was first introduced in Britain, but soon gradually became a global affair, due to needed interactions between other nations in order for it to succeed. It began in Britain, then it spread to the U.S. and later, other parts of the globe in order for the trade interactions to take place. It came about by harnessing new energy in machinery to develop new products and use new resources to create such products. As a result of the Industrial Revolution, speed and mobility was increased drastically both in travel and work; production was increased essentially as a result. It provided new jobs and destroyed old jobs for others. Living conditions were for the most part, increased. It contributed to urbanization in cities. Women began to argue for more rights as a result of the Industiral Revolution.

6. Effects of Industrialization

7. The map and colonial expansion data shows us that European efforts, especially that of Great Britain, to expand and colonize in order to gain more territorial power were heavily stressed during the early modern era. Land was conquered from all over the world, ranging from the Americas which had little success in comparison with about a quarter of the land under Britain possession, Asia, Africa, and to Australia, which in particular was 100% under the control of Great Britain. By taking over other lands, European nations were able to gain population sizes double all the the way to 10 times their original homeland population, with Great Britain taking the lead from an original population of about 45 million all the way to 470 million people. The Americas were for the most part untouched by the European nations simply because of the Monroe Doctrine, which had stated that the U.S would vehemently defend the Americas had they tried any actions to colonize parts of the Americas.
 * || Industrialization Effects ||
 * Gender Roles/Issues || Women in particular were exploited for cheap labor and longer hours in comparison to men. As a result, women eventually became outraged at this and argued/petitioned for better hours/more pay, as well as more rights for equality and independence in education, politics, etc. Constitutional issues eventually became transformed into social issues, often the **social question**, of a society, key issues that needed to be resolved. ||
 * Family Structures || Production never occurred during the homes; this meant that families were encouraged to go out more, so it is a weakening of the stable family structure, since family members do not get to properly bond together due to lack of time together as a result of work. Family life as a result changed, with family life being too concentrated on work and not enough time on leisurely moments to bond together. Children were beginning to be seen as a source of emotional satisfaction and not as laborers. ||
 * Social Structures || Factory workers were degraded and were viewed negatively and lowly as a result of taking up jobs for possibly less pay. They became depersonalized as they were called "hands." Like with women, these workers were fed up with being exploited and argued for more rights to become equal to other social classes and become independent. ||
 * Extension of Voting Rights || Young men above the age of 18 eventually got the right to vote shortly after the Industrial Revolution; it was no longer specific to only the elites. Women however, didn't get their own voting rights until they fought for a couple of decades for them. ||
 * Mass Leisure culture || As a result of better income for workers due to factory jobs produced by the Industrial Revolution, as well as better hours and pay fought for by the workers, they were able to relax at the parks, watch a movie cheaply, or just spend time at home with families. Sports was also a popular pasttime, and it also helped to improve the economies of nations due to the manufacturing of equipment. ||
 * Romanticism || Following the above, with more time to spend on leisurely activities, romanticism expressed in the arts and exploration was a popular notion as well. People admired the ideas of romanticism, the idea of pursuing the arts of romance and the ideal hero and the like. It was more on evoking emotions rather than debate or philosophiscal debate. ||
 * Socialism || Socialism was directly born from the Industrial Revolution; the Industrial Revolution seemed to provide an alternative as to how businesses were handled. Socialism would propose that society instead should control the businesses, not certain individuals. According to **Karl Marx**, socialism breeds class tensions until a utopia would be formed; i.e. the lower class will continue to rebel so long as the upper class continues to take advantage of them, similar to how the executives of the factories created by the Industrial Revolution took advantage of their workers. ||
 * Communism || Communism in turn was born from socialism; like socialism, it opposed the capitalist way of managing the economy and fully supported the idea that the governments should control everything, not just the economy, so that everything would run smoothly according to their laws and rules. ||

8. Imperialism: The belief that pursuing control of other nations/lands in terms of politics and economics will help to further advance the conquering nation's own political and economic power.

9. The motivations of imperialism were for European nations to gain more economic power primarily, as well as political power over the lands that they conquered/took over. Economic power came in the form of resources that could be found and/or produced by the other lands; they could trade with other nations using these resources to stimulate the economy. Other motivations included competition amongst the European nations, as well as the United States. If they didn't enter into the imperialistic competition, then they would fear being taken over/conquered themselves by other nations that have ascended to powerful and dangerous nations.

10. Key Terms

British East India Company: Trading company developed by the British in India that often meddled in the problems and issues of the local princes of India. At first, Indian princes used them as allies to crush competitors/put down usurpers, but eventually, the British came to become the dominant rulers of India.

Sepoys: Sepoys were Indian troops deployed by the British. This had allowed the British to gain much military presence/power in India and gave them recognition from the Indian princes.

British Raj: The British Raj, or the British political establishment in India, gave the British control of the entire south Asian subcontinent with its formation.

Partition of Africa/Berlin Conference:The partition of Africa was divided up by the European nations; very few nations remained independent due to the sheer force and most importantly of all, weaponry of the Europeans that trumped their traditional weaponry like wooden shields and spears. The partition of Africa was regulated by the Berlin Conference, so that no one European nation would be able to dominate that continent.

Settlement Colonies: A type of colony in which the European occupation and indigenous responses differed from the tropical dependencies. If the climate was temperate, then it was common that the settlers and the indigenous people would often fight over land rights.

White Dominions: Colonies in Canada and Australia that exhibited large square areas, but small populations, mostly made up of Europeans because the initial inhabitants had died out to disease.

Cecil Rhodes: A British entrepreneurs like many that rushed to the Orange Free State, a Boer Republic, once diamonds were discovered there. This led to an increase in Boer and British interaction, and thus tension between the two.

James Cook: Because of his voyages, Hawaii was opened to the West by James Cook, who was welcomed as a god, but then subsequent arrivals found him dead as Hawaiian soldiers tried to take over his ship for metal nails. It showed how much the Hawaiians valued such technology when they were still using Neolithic technology.

11.
 * Country || How Britain gained control - steps to conquest || Actions taken by Britain when in control/ power || Effects/ Reactions ||
 * India (note this will be more notes than the following two nations.) || British East India Company deployed **sepoys** as troops for battle. Eventually gained enough recognition and the weakening of the Indian princes led to the British being able to take over the region. Fought in the battle of Plassey and won due to **Robert Clive** bribing his enemies to come and join his side. || Controlled princely states through agents stationed at the rulers' courts. Left the princes there in charge. Used Indian soldiers to help with South African expedition. Left social hierarchy in place, with themselves on top of the natives. Refused to allow Christian missionaries to preach in this territory. **Cornwallis'** policies restricted Indians from participating much in the government. Pushed for Westernization in India; adoption of British educational system, language, etc. Tried to forbade sati. || Many Indians' hatred of the British grew, but also, many enlisted in their army because of better clothing, weaponry, and pay. Became the major outlet for British overseas investments and manufactured goods as well as raw materials. Indians argued for sati and fought against the British for that right. ||
 * South Africa || Captured Cape Town during the French Revolution when Holland was unprepared to defend the town. || Tried to stop slavery used by the Boers. Entrepreneurs such as **Cecil Rhodes** entered the Orange Free State of the Boer Republic for diamonds. Entered into a **Boer War** with the Boers. || Boers were forced to move in the Great Trek once British overlords came to South Africa. Settler dominance over the black African majority after the Boer War. ||
 * New Zealand || Used military power to occupy the most fertile lands of the north island. || Turned the internal administration of the islands over to the representatives of the settlers. || Natives tried to fight back initially against the British, but eventually compromised and kept customs from both their own and the British. ||

12. Nationalism, imperialism, and industrialization were three common trends or motivations in the industrial era that could not have existed had one been missing; each one depended on each other for it to occur. Nationalism was the belief that a nation's customs, beliefs, and values were far superior than other nations; imperialism was the belief that a nation should conquer/take over other nations for better economic power, and thus, political power; industrialization was the process of utilizing machinery and its advantages to bring about new inventions and ways to help production. Nationalism could not exist without both industrialization and imperialism. It was because of industrialization that telegrams, steam trains, and the like that helped improve communications and travel that had allowed a nation to spread one's ideas and beliefs to other nations, promoting the nation's greatness. It was because of imperialism that nations like Britain went out and seized nations such as India and implemented their own educational systems and laws in those nations. For industrialization, nationalism gave inspiration and encouragement to people who wished to better their own nation; thus came the development of learning how to utilize raw materials and machinery to the best of their abilities. Imperialism helped to stimulate the success of industrialization with the addition of new raw materials for industries to work with. Nationalism helped with imperialism by rallying public support for wars and the like for conquering land, something used by most governments as a way to go enact war with other nations. Industrialization provided the means for which this was conducted; new machinery helped them produce quickly new weaponry including guns and artillery that would trump over other nations' Neolithic technology, such as wooden spears and shields.

CCOT Essay:

- Columbian Exchange: Americas, Africas, Europe --> more countries being involved from technologies + resources. - Europeans dominated primarily.Competition mostly between Europeans, eventually shifted to a global context. - Mercantilism - Method different (imperialism), but concept/purpose the same. - Industrial Revolution. - New products/resources. - Slaves --> Machinery/Factory Workers - Isolation of Asian nations; didn't want European products. - More money to spend on products.